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A fast-moving new video game, Immune Attack, teaches the critical scientific facts of immunology. The game is designed to teach how the immune system works to defend the body against invading bacteria. The visual elements and simulations are critical for grasping the complex interactions of the biological systems.

According to a new study parents and caretakers more often than not do not know what to do with a traumatically affected tooth and do not take proper steps to respond to the injury, which can affect their child's oral health permanently.

Hormone replacement therapy given in skin patches may cause fewer blood clots than HRT given orally, according to a new report. Furthermore, women who take the oral form of HRT more than double their risk of developing a blood clot, say the authors.

By using a specialized microscope that only illuminates the cell's surface, scientists have for the first time, in real time and in plain view, seen hundreds of thousands of molecules coming together in a living cell to form a single particle of the virus that has, in less than 25 years, claimed more than 25 million lives: HIV.

A majority of Americans (62 percent) believe that wounded Iraq war veterans do not receive high quality care in military and Veteran's Administration hospitals once they return to the US. Americans who have a close family member who is serving or has served in the military are just as likely as Americans with no military connection to say that wounded Iraq veterans do not receive high quality care in military and VA hospitals (64% versus 59%).

For patients undergoing kidney transplantation, treatment with the anti-rejection drug sirolimus may lead to an increased risk of diabetes, reports a new study. The results suggested a higher rate of post-transplant diabetes among patients treated with sirolimus, compared to other anti-rejection drugs. Depending on which additional drugs they received, diabetes risk was 36 to 66 percent higher for patients receiving sirolimus.

The HIV-1 protein Vpu is necessary for the HIV-1 virus to be released from human cells. Scientists have identified CAML as a human cellular protein that blocks the release of HIV-1 viral particles from the membrane of infected cells. The Vpu protein is able to counteract the effects of CAML and allow the release of HIV-1 particles. Understanding how CAML provides an innate defense against HIV and how Vpu counteracts this defense should help scientists develop new treatments.

The elusive goal of developing effective treatments for viral diseases such as AIDS and influenza has been brought closer by dramatic progress in the ability to interfere with viral genetic machinery. It has been possible for many years to protect against some viral diseases such as polio in advance by vaccination, but there is still no effective treatment for patients once infection has occurred.

Enzyme induces adult stem cells to grow bone. Until now it has been difficult to induce adult human stem cells to produce bone, e.g. in order to repair bone tissue. Researchers have just shown that if the enzyme PKA is previously activated in the stem cells in the lab, following implantation this results in substantial bone formation. This opens up new ways of repairing bone tissue using cell material from the patient.

Researchers have found that carrying a common genetic disorder doubles the risk of developing lung cancer in smokers and nonsmokers.